The first step of pest control is the sanitary improvement, but the goal cannot be achieved in a short time. The temporary solution is still to use insecticides for emergency control. This can realize immediate results, but its effectiveness depends on understanding the ecological habits of pests, pest monitoring, insecticide selection, and regular detection of drug resistance. In this way, a correct integrated control method can be planned. This study team completed a survey on the species and densities of pests in Taiwan in 2017, including mosquitoes, cockroaches, flies, moth flies, dust mites, and bedbugs, built test populations, and established the drug-susceptibility data and discriminating dose (diagnostic dose) of the above pest species to ten commonly used insecticide components (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur, fipronil, and imidacloprid) in Taiwan in 2018. In 2019, based on the drug-susceptibility data of various pests established in 2018, the specie strains were used to test the efficacies of commercial insecticides. This study according to the discriminating dose (diagnostic dose) of vector pests established in 2018, efforts were made to carry out a wide range of rapid resistance analysis and cross-resistance research on various vector pest populations (2 species of vector mosquitoes, 2 species of cockroaches, 2 species of flies, and 1 species of moth flies) to those ten commonly used insecticide components (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur, fipronil, and imidacloprid); and established control methods for bedbugs on different materials. The results showed that only the Qianzhen strain of Aedes albopictus exhibits resistance to pirimiphos-methyl. However, five field strains of Aedes aegypti (Daliao, Gushan, Qianzhen, Nanzih, and Sanmin) showed cross-resistance to four pyrethroid drugs (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin), except the Gushan strain may have had resistance to tetramethrin, the Nanzih strain had no resistance to tetramethrin, may have had resistance to permethrin; The five field strains showed cross-resistance to three organophosphorus drugs (chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and pirimiphos-methyl), except that the Gushan and Nanzih strains had no resistance to fenitrothion, but probably have resistance to pirimiphos-methyl; The five field strains exhibits resistance to carbamate drugs (propoxur); Daliao and Qianzhen strains exhibit resistance to fipronil; Qianzhen and Sanmin strains exhibit resistance to imidacloprid; The results presented that Aedes aegypti showed multiple resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphorus and other drugs (fipronil, and imidacloprid). Five field strains of Periplaneta americana had no resistance to ten commonly used insecticide components, while only the Qianzhen strain of Blattella germanica showed resistance to Permethrin. Five field strains of Musca domestica (Yuanlin, Erlin, Zhutang, Changhua, and Xihu) showed resistance to ten insecticide components. Five field strains of Musca domestica exhibited cross-resistance to four pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Tetramethrin, Permethrin, and Deltamethrin) and three organophosphorus drugs (Chlorpyrifos, Fenitrothion, and Pirimiphos-Methyl); also showed multiple resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphorus, carbamate (Propoxur), and other drugs (Fipronil and Imidacloprid). Five field strains of Chrysomya megacephala showed cross-resistance to three pyrethroid drugs (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, and permethrin), except the Yuanlin strain had no resistance to cypermethrin, the Changhua strain may have had resistance to tetramethrin, and Xihu strain may have had resistance to cypermethrin; Yuanlin and Erlin strains exhibit resistance to chlorpyrifos; Five field strains of Chrysomya megacephala exhibit resistance to imidacloprid; The results presented that Yuanlin and Erlin strains of Chrysomya megacephala showed multiple resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphorus and other drugs (imidacloprid), and the Zhutang, Changhua, and Xihu strains showed multiple resistance to pyrethroids and other drugs (imidacloprid). Five field strains of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus had no resistance to ten commonly used insecticide components. The study established a method for bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) control, tested the efficacy of emulsion (deltamethrin 2.8% w/w) on four different materials (wood board, tile, plastic pad, and blanket). The insecticidal effect of emulsion on tile and plastic pad (3 hours drying before testing) met the environmental sanitary drug efficacy test and examination standards of the Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Administration, and , and the residual effect time could be up to 14 days; The insecticidal effect of carpets (30 minutes drying before testing) met the environmental sanitary drug efficacy test and examination standards of the Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Administration, and the residual effect time could be up to 7 days; The insecticidal effect on wood board (30 minutes drying before testing) did not reach the environmental sanitary drug efficacy test and examination standards of the Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Administration, and had no residual effect; The insecticidal effect on wood board which was tested immediately after spraying with the emulsion met the environmental sanitary drug efficacy test and examination standards of the Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Administration. As for the materials where bedbugs are hiding, if the surface of materials can easily absorb chemicals (such as wood boards), then direct spraying is recommended for preventing and controlling bedbugs, while blankets need to be sprayed at a shorter time interval. This study carried out a wide range of rapid drug resistance analysis on environmental pests with discriminating dose (diagnostic dose) so as to quickly know whether environmental pests of different field strains are resistant to insecticides, for choosing the types and doses of insecticides applicable for prevention and control, ensure that the pesticides used can be correctly selected in the case of pest outbreak in time, and avoid waste of insecticides and environmental pollution. The results showed that some vector pests are resistant to several kind insecticides. It is suggested that insecticides showing drug resistance should not be used, and that insecticides with different effective ingredients should be used alternately. It is also necessary to adopt physical control methods (such as filling the gap, fly trap paper, mosquito trap lamp, etc.), enhance environmental sanitation, and take mess rectification and preventive measures on a regular basis to achieve effective integrated pest management.

environmental pests, insecticides, bioassay, resistance